The Center For Disease Control ( Cdc ) And The World...

Introduction: The Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) note that when children participate in the recommended level of physical activity of at least 60 minutes per day multiple health benefits ensue. Nevertheless, since the creation of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) increasing focus has been dedicated to bridging the achievement gap among students and less emphasis has been placed on non-academic curriculum such as physical education. Research has shown that approximately 3.8% of elementary schools provide formal physical education with this percentage steadily declining as children continue onto middle and high school. This decrease in physical activity is in line with reports from the CDC which estimate that one third of children in the United States are overweight and, within those cases, the CDC has documented that children who are overweight have higher absentee rates, have poorer health and experience early signs of mental illness all of w hich have an impact on academic performance. The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD), a member-based non-profit organization, is changing this discourse by establishing a mission that supports educators and students through learning, teaching and leading. The efforts of ASCD led to the establishment of the Whole Child Initiative, 2007, as a framework for education in the 21st century. Central to this initiative is that children who begin school healthyShow MoreRelatedThe Center For Disease Control ( Cdc ) And The World Health Organization1287 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) note that when children participate in the recommended level of physical activity of at least 60 minutes per day multiple health benefits ensue. Nevertheless, since the creation of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) increasing focus has been dedicated to bridging the achievement gap between students and less emphasis has been placed on non-academic curriculum such as, physical education. ResearchRead MoreCode of Ethics Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesIn a health care organization, it is important that the organization’s mission, philosophies, and ethics are followed through properly. . With the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is no different. . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s â€Å"mission is to protect people’s health and to support the quality of life in humans by prevention and control of diseases, injuries, and disabilities† (About CDC, 2010, page or paragraph number with quotes). With the organizationsRead MoreCauses of the Increasing Prevelence of STIs Essay558 Words   |  3 PagesThe World Health Organization defines sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as infections that are mainly passed through person to person sexual contact (World Health Organization [WHO], 2012). Some of the more common infections include syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and genital herpes (World Health Organization [WHO], 2012). Every year about 19 million new STI cases are reported by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2011). Such high incidenceRead MoreCenters for Disease Control and Prevention629 Words   |  3 PagesCDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Weam Khadim PBHE501-American Public University May 21, 2013 Dr. Shalah Watkins-Bailey Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a national public health federal agency under Department of Health and Human Services headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It is division of Department of Health and Human Services responsible for managing national programs for control and prevention of communicable diseasesRead MoreHcs 535 Public Health and Healthcare1394 Words   |  6 PagesPublic health and health care Concepts of Population Health HCS/535 The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, coordinate efforts in conjunction with states and other partnersto offer a system of health surveillance, which would monitor and prevent disease outbreaks, which includes bioterrorism. The goal of the agency is to implement strategies to prevent diseases as well as maintain national health statistics. Another role of the CDC is to safeguard against international diseaseRead MoreCommunicable Disease : An Infectious Disease900 Words   |  4 PagesCommunicable disease is defined as an infectious disease which is transmissible via direct contact with an affected individual or vector that is actively carrying the contagious disease (WHO, n.d.). Several factors contribute to the spread of communicable diseases: socioeconomic, environmental and behavioral factors, international travel and migration can all foster the spread of a communicable disease. A significant threat to individuals that are not vaccinated, have preexisting hea lth concerns thatRead MoreThe Centers For Disease Control1649 Words   |  7 Pages The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have a non-stop job of protecting people in our country. They are our nation’s prevention agency and have a long reach all over the world. Their job is 24 hours a day and 7 days a week, in which they work to protect people from injuries, disabilities, diseases and other health problems that comes with natural diseases and bioterrorism attacks. They do a lot of good, but face many challenges. The CDC according to (Wikipedia, 2015) â€Å"Eighty percent haveRead MoreWebsite Review and Summary Paper846 Words   |  4 Pagestheir health care providers for medical treatments. Now a day, people have the opportunity to research about any illness, medical concern, medical diagnosis and any type of disease in the Internet. There are many health care organizations that offer people around the world with information about drugs, illnesses, diseases, outbreaks, treatments, preventions and the list goes endless. In this paper the writer will review and summarize governmental health agency websites. The Centers for DiseaseRead MoreThe Center For Disease Control999 Words   |  4 PagesThe CDC is a worldwide resource for control of diseases. While the Georgia Composite Medical Board is an agency that licenses anyone in a healthcare job an example would be physicians. This board investigates healthcare professionals complaints. They also discipline the healthcare professionals who violate the Medical Practice Act. They can violate other laws though. (Purpose and Mission Statement). Nevertheless, these laws govern the way the health care providers should behave. In other words, ifRead MoreThe Effects Of Policies Regarding Evaluation And Management Of The Ebola Virus Disease1569 Words   |  7 PagesDepartment In March 2014, the Ministry of Health in Guinea notified the Africa Regional Office of the World Health Organization of a new outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease [EVD]. As of December 2, 2014, this recent Ebola outbreak has seen 10,708 confirmed infections and 6,055 deaths, with the hardest hit countries being West African countries of Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014a). The World Health Organization officially called the West African

Othello And Hamlet Analysis - 774 Words

These two essays had practically nothing in common. The first was very short and made solid points, while the second was comparing Shakespeare to Aristotle. In essay one the writer brings up how us, the readers, are supposed to identify and compare ourselves to the main male protagonists in all of Shakespeare’s tragedies and this creates the sense of tragedy. The writer does this by bringing up the specific traits of characters such as; the strength of Othello, the intelligence and cleverness of Hamlet, the foolish vanity of King Lear, and the treachery of Macbeth. The second point of the essay is how there is an element of hope that is always disappointed or ambition that is frustrated. They then bring up examples of Macbeth, and how†¦show more content†¦The writer said, â€Å"Shakespeare is, in a way, the Michelangelo of literature.† The main point of the comparison is that Shakespeare wrote Othello 400 years ago, and yet it still has people that represent a modern alcoholic and psychopath, with Iago and Cassio. The second point is again, the most common and easiest point to write about, which is that the protagonist in Shakespeare always dies but the author brings up another interesting point. They bring up Greek drama, and how Aristotle â€Å"defined tragedy and asserted that it was the noblest and most serious, dignified and important for of drama.† In all of Shakespeare, there is a central protagonist that undergoes a life altering experience that leads to their death. The two are then compared by the â€Å"special feeling† that is felt while reading a tragedy. In the author’s conclusion, they bring up the comparison of the two again saying, â€Å"all of Shakespeare’s plays have elements of both tragedy and comedy, sometimes very balanced, creating effects that Aristotle could never have dreamt of.† Another very easy point to write about is brought up, which are the tragic flaws that all characters share. The writer doesn’t write about Shakespeare at first, but Aristotle. Aristotle outlines tragedy as a king or someone in high ranking that makes a mistake or has a misunderstanding that leads to losing their high ranking, or isolation in the character’s life which leads to their death. Then once the suffering of theShow MoreRelatedThe Self Defeat of Heroes in Shakespeares Tragedies: A Character Analysis of Hamlet and Othello1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Self-Defeat of Heroes in Shakespeares Tragedies: A Character Analysis of Hamlet and Othello Introduction Aristotle asserted that all tragic heroes had fundamental flaws that were the source of their undoing, and that were typically the source of their initial success, as well. Oedipus thinks he acts with justice, wisdom, and the assurance of success, and these things also cause him to completely destroy himself when he discovers the truth of his situation, as one prominent example. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s King Lear, Hamlet, Othello And Macbeth1206 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the audience. A Shakespearean tragedy, is a five-act play and they usually revolve around a similar idea of conflict. This is the Internal and external Conflict within the character. The four plays I have chosen to analyse are; King Lear, Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth. I chose these plays specifically because they all have universal themes which depict human emotions. They contain very important messages about internal and external conflict within characters and how this conflict can lead to terribleRead MoreThe Antagonist, Shakespeare1405 Words   |  6 Pagesright and wrong is all about perspective, well-done antagonists can be especially exciting.†(Hansen) Shakespeare develops his antagonists in a way that makes them interesting to the audience and does so especially well in his plays Othello, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Hamlet. Each play has an antagonist, or something near one in the case of Midsummer Night’s Dream, but the villains can be very different from one another and strikingly alike depending on the situation. Shakespeare’s creation of profoundRead MoreOthello Character Analysis1555 Words   |  7 Pagesinherent weakness lies in his linguistic capabilities, the very same capabilities Othello uses to win over Desdemona, and to defend himself during his trial in front of the duke. In Smith’s reading, Othello only reverts to his barbarian state when experiencing extreme pressure, as he lacks the other means to express the futility of what is felt, which results in violence. However, when a closer look is taken at what Othello knows about the culture he has tried to hard to assimilate to, it can be seenRead More Sex in Othello and Hamlet Essay4016 Words   |  17 Pagesor the way he acts just by being female and attractive is enough to drive men insane. William Shakespeares plays, Othello and Hamlet, demonstrate on paper, on film, and in other art forms that female sexuality and beauty are a threat to patriarchal society and that they must be controlled. Showalter affirms this in her essay by quoting David Laverenzes essay, The Woman in Hamlet. In this essay he asserts that, Hamlets disgust at the feminine passivity in himself translated into violent revulsionRead MoreSummary Of The Prince During The 1500 S1622 Words   |  7 Pagesof evil as acceptable in itself – despite what his many detractors then and now have said; he concedes, rather, that evil sometimes has to be used’ (2). It is in th is respect that characters such as Hamlet can be viewed as Machiavellian but not truly Machiavellian. Although he is not overtly evil, Hamlet is faced with the task of killing a legitimately elected monarch in order to avenge his father, with no concrete evidence, and only the word of the Ghost for proof. â€Å"The end justifies the means†Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Ghost 2757 Words   |  12 Pagesbecause we can never find any conclusive textual references. In the Ghost’s encounter with Hamlet, he calls his ex-wife his ‘most seeming virtuous queen’. What’s more, he bids Hamlet to ‘Leave her to Heaven/ And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge/ To prick and sting her.’ Although these words suggest that Gertrude is blameworthy of some crime, the verdict of her complicity in the murder of late King Hamlet and of her involvement in conspiring with Claudius to usurp Prince Hamlet’s ascendancy stillRead More The Significance of the Players in Hamlet Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesThe Significance of the Players in Hamlet      Ã‚   Most characters in Hamlet present themselves as something other than themselves or how as we, the audience, or another character thinks they should appear.   Two of the main characters in this play, Hamlet and King Claudius, are constantly acting as something other than their true nature.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ironically, the characters that invoke changes in Hamlet and King Claudius to reveal their real personalities are the players, merely actors themselves, notRead MoreThe Thematic Elements Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet1031 Words   |  5 Pagesthat of the well-known tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare does not stop at the tragedy of the star crossed lovers, but further goes on to write several more tragedies that deal with suicide such as: Macbeth, Julius Caesar, Othello, and Hamlet. The tragedy in Hamlet gives way for the examination of the ongoing moral views society has upon suicide during the Tudor era, the embodiment suicide portrays towards the development of the s tory, and the motives of contemplated suicide through the character’sRead More Ambiguity, Inconsistency and Uncertainty in Othello Essay example1269 Words   |  6 PagesAmbiguity, Inconsistency and Uncertainty in Othello  Ã‚   The Bard of Avon has in his tragedy Othello a true masterpiece, but not one without flaws. It contains blemishes, imperfections, and minor negative features which detract in lesser ways from the overall evaluation of the play. H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, addresses the arbitrariness and inconsistency in the play: Though the action moves in a single line, with none of the

Management of Pain Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management of Pain. Answer: Pain is a physiological, sensory and emotional experience, which is associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It is a universal experience. It is a subjective sensation, which is difficult to define. Pain has a biologically important protective function. The procedure of pain development is usually initiated by noxious stimulus and transmitted over a specialized neural network to the central nervous system, where it is interpreted. Based on the type of pain, the patients pain management plan is developed (Barr et al. 2013). In this essay, a case study of pain management has been demonstrated, while including the pain pathophysiology, all the dimensions of pain management in order to make the assessment a holistic one and the interventions related to the pain management, for particularly the student. A 45 years old patient named Mr. Alex has been admitted to the emergency ward, with severe pain and swollen left leg along with other minor cuts and injuries throughout his body; upon undergoing a fall from his bike. After performing immediate X-ray, it was found that the person had his left leg broken, as a result of fall. Upon admission, the person was screaming in pain. Thus, one of the immediate actions that thenursing professional needs to do was to manage his pain. Initially, pain assessment was done for the patient by the registered nurse. For this, the pain scale has been used. As the patient was in severe pain, the visual analog scale was used. This scale uses a scale of 1 to 10 ranges, in order to define the level of pain the patient is experiencing, by analyzing his facial expression. In this pain assessment, Mr. Alex scored 8, which is signifying that the patient is experiencing intense and horrible pain, indicating the need for immediate pain management. According the pathophysiology of pain, it is stimulated by the neurological pathway. For instance, pain sensation is the normal biological response to injury or disease, which is resulted from the normal physiological process in the nociceptive system through a complex process. The key stimuli of pain are the tissue injury or fracture. In case of Mr. Alex, the tissue injury occurred, when the bone in his left leg broke along with the injury to the surrounding soft tissue (Abdulla et al. 2013). In case of fracture, there are mainly three stages of pain. For instance, acute pain occurs immediately after the fracture of the bone; followed by the sub-acute pain, which lasts for first few weeks after the fracture, this is the period of healing bone and soft tissue. However, chronic pain continues long after the fracture and soft tissue, after completion of healing. Pain is a crucial function of immune response towards external pain stimuli, which involve CNS and nociceptors for transmitti ng messages from the stimuli to brain. Initially after the soft tissue damage surrounding the broken bone in Mr. Alexs leg, the nociceptor or the sensory receptors present in the surrounding area detects the helpful or noxious stimuli, which transmits electrical signal to the nervous system. Two types of nociceptors include the C-fibres and A-delta. Nociceptors consist of variety of voltage-gated channels to transducer signal leading to a set of action potentials to initiate the electrical signalling into the nervous system (Cousins and Lynch 2011). In pain pathophysiology, the CNS also plays important role. The electrical signal brought by the nociceptor attains the spinal cord, where a complex array of neurons in the synaptic connections processes the signal to the cerebral cortex of brain. The signal is received in numerous area of brain. As a result, the responses towards pain and emotional reactions varied so much (Fishman 2012). However, as the broken bone may also damage the nerve ending, the pathway of pain processing is altered, which has caused increased pain signal transmission, thereby enhancing the intensity of pain the person is experiencing. Therefore, in case of Mr. Alex, due to both of the tissue and nerve ending damage, the pain is severe. Alex may need to under immediate surgery to fix the bone, upon local anaesthesia. The three stages of pain will have different types of impact upon the patients life. For instance, the patient is a 45 years old male, who is employed and is responsible for his familys financial status. However, due to his injury and massive pain, he would not be able to move through the first phase, i.e. acute pain phase, which will last for 2-3 days. During this phase, he would need assistance fromnursing staffs or his family members, in order to complete his daily activities, like bathing, dressing, toileting, moving or other works. For the massive pain and independence, his self-esteem is likely to be decreased, which also introduces stress and anxiety in the patient, thereby hampering the psychological well being of the patient (Burchiel 2011). On the other hand, as the patient would not be able to go to his work, while he have to avail treatment expenses, financial constrain is a common issue, which would also impact upon his social and spiritual well being. Regarding legal as pects, the nurses and other medical staffs are liable to meet the needs of the patient in order to eliminate ethical issues. In the next phase, i.e. sub-acute phase, as the healing process is started, the pain would be significantly reduced from the first stage. However, in case of Mr. Alex, he would continue his pain medication through the phase, which will last for 2-3 weeks. At this phase, the patient would be able to complete his daily activities with little or no assistance fromnursing staffs or family member. He would also be able to improve his self esteem. However, at this phase, the patient will not able to join his work, as a result the financial constrain may occur, which would again include stress, thereby hindering his overall wellbeing. At the final stage, i.e. chronic pain, the heath process is complete, but the pain remains due to the damage to nerve endings (Abou-Setta et al. 2011). Without follow up checkups or other required medical processes or lifestyle management or proper rehabilitation, the patient may have some difficulties in future life related to his mobility or employment, whic h again can negatively affect his overall wellbeing. For instance, reduced mobility may hinder his social and cultural life, which in turn reduce his self esteem and hope for the life, reducing spiritual well being. He may also face discrimination in his organization, due to his physical inability, which would lead to an ethical as well as legal issue. As a result, stress and depression may result as psychological negative outcomes. One of the initial responsibilities of the health care team developed for Mr. Alex is to manage his pain. There are several pharmacological and non-pharmacological ways, through which the Mr. Alexs pain can be reduced. Initially after his surgery in order to fix the fractured bone, the immobilization of the bone has been done, which would restrict the mobilization of the fractured bone, which would reduce the worsening of the pain. To reduce pain and inflammation, the pain medications would be provided to Mr. Alex. However, the dosage and group of the medications would vary, according to the level of pain, as assessed in the pain scale throughout the healing process (Body et al. 2011). As Mr. Alexs pain score was as high as 8 initially, in visual analog scale, initially he would be administered with stronger pain reliever. In case of Mr. Alex, initially, as his pain was severe, strong pain medication would be provided, which includes morphin sulphate, which is usually administered, w hen the pain is moderate to severe. The medication would be administered through IV route. However, prior administering the medication, the patient needed to be assessed for any kind of allergy. Drugs used to treat fractures include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) and analgesics. With progress, the patient would need mild to moderate pain reliever. In this context, as his leg has been swollen, inflammation has been taken place, as a result of tissue damage and necrosis. Thus, the patient needs to provide anti-inflammatory medication also (Duke et al. 2013). Thus, NSAIDs are suitable for Mr. Alex. These drugs have analgesic and antipyretic activities.In addition, he would be administered with tetanus vaccine, to reduce chance of infection. Besides these pharmacological treatments, there are non-pharmacological ways to reduce his pain. The initial responsibility of nurse is to make a positive relationship with the patient and continuously encouraging him to cope with the situation. Through the acute and sub-acute phase, the immobilized area of leg should be placed onto a pillow, in order to reduce pain. The position of the patient and postures of the injured leg needs to be changed frequently. In addition, the patients family members should be involved in his care plan, who will motivate and empower his healing process (Morton et al. 2017). Through progression, after releasing from the hospital, a physical exercise plan would be provided by his physiotherapist, in order to improve his leg movement and helping him to carry on his normal lifestyle. In conclusion, it can be said that pain management is a significantliability of nursing staffs, while handling a patient in acute or chronic pain. Based on the type of pain, the pain management plan is developed. For instance, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological pathways would be suitable, based on the patients condition. Pain assessment is crucial throughout the therapeutic procedure. References Abdulla, A., Adams, N., Bone, M., Elliott, A.M., Gaffin, J., Jones, D., Knaggs, R., Martin, D., Sampson, L. and Schofield, P., 2013. Guidance on the management of pain in older people.Age and ageing,42, pp.i1-57. Abou-Setta, A.M., Beaupre, L.A., Rashiq, S., Dryden, D.M., Hamm, M.P., Sadowski, C.A., Menon, M.R., Majumdar, S.R., Wilson, D.M., Karkhaneh, M. and Mousavi, S.S., 2011. Comparative effectiveness of pain management interventions for hip fracture: a systematic review.Annals of internal medicine,155(4), pp.234-245. Barr, J., Fraser, G.L., Puntillo, K., Ely, E.W., Glinas, C., Dasta, J.F., Davidson, J.E., Devlin, J.W., Kress, J.P., Joffe, A.M. and Coursin, D.B., 2013. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit.Critical care medicine,41(1), pp.263-306. Body, J.J., Bergmann, P., Boonen, S., Boutsen, Y., Bruyre, O., Devogelaer, J.P., Goemaere, S., Hollevoet, N., Kaufman, J.M., Milisen, K. and Rozenberg, S., 2011. Non-pharmacological management of osteoporosis: a consensus of the Belgian Bone Club.Osteoporosis international,22(11), pp.2769-2788. Burchiel, K.J. ed., 2011.Surgical management of pain. thieme. Cousins, M.J. and Lynch, M.E., 2011. The Declaration Montreal: access to pain management is a fundamental human right. Duke, G., Haas, B.K., Yarbrough, S. and Northam, S., 2013. Pain management knowledge and attitudes of baccalaureate nursing students and faculty.Pain Management Nursing,14(1), pp.11-19. Fishman, S.M., 2012.Bonica's management of pain. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017.Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Prostitution Essays (527 words) - Prostitution, Sex Industry

Prostitution I. Introduction Prostitution, performance of sexual acts solely for the purpose of material gain. Persons prostitute themselves when they grant sexual favors to others in exchange for money, gifts, or other payment and in so doing use their bodies as commodities. In legal terms, the word prostitute refers only to those who engage overtly in such sexual-economic transactions, usually for a specified sum of money. Prostitutes may be of either sex, but throughout history the majority have been women, who have usually entered prostitution through coercion or under economic stress. II. Preindustrial Societies Prostitution was widespread in preindustrial societies. In the ancient Middle East and India, sexual intercourse with prostitutes was believed to facilitate communion with the gods. In ancient Greece, prostitution flourished on all levels of society. In ancient Rome, prostitution also was common, despite severe legal restrictions. In the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), the Christian church, which valued chastity, attempted to convert or rehabilitate individual prostitutes but did not attack the institution itself. By the late Middle Ages, licensed brothels flourished throughout Europe, yielding enormous revenues to government officials and corrupt clergy members. During the 16th century prostitution declined sharply in Europe, largely as a result of stern reprisals by Protestants and Roman Catholics. They condemned its immorality but were also motivated by a connection between prostitution and an outbreak of syphilis, a disease that is often transmitted through sexual contact. III. Industrial Societies In the 18th century most continental European governments controlled prostitution through a system of compulsory registration, licensed brothels, and medical inspection of prostitutes. In Britain and the United States, prostitution flourished openly in urban so-called red-light districts. In time the corruption of licensed prostitution stirred protests throughout Europe. Many governments sought to check prostitution by trying to stop the international traffic in women and children. IV. Prostitution in the United States Prostitution in the United States today takes various forms. Some prostitutes, so-called call girls, operate out of their own apartments and maintain a list of regular customers. Some follow convention circuits or work in certain resort areas. The majority are so-called streetwalkers, who find their customers on city streets. Increasing numbers are young runaways to the city who turn to the streets for survival. Many prostitutes are managed by men known as pimps, who usually take much of the money earned by the women. V. Current U.S. Attitudes The United States remains one of the few countries with laws against prostitution. It is legal only in the state of Nevada. The rationale for its continued illegal status in the United States rests on three assumptions: prostitution is linked to organized crime, prostitution leads to increased crime in general, and prostitution is the cause of an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. These assumptions are now in question, as some experts have pointed out that prostitution is no longer an attractive investment for organized crime, and as public-health officials indicate that prostitutes account for only a small percentage of the country's sexually transmitted disease cases. Polls have shown that approximately half of the U.S. population would favor decriminalization of prostitution throughout the country. Decriminalization would free the courts and police to spend more time dealing with what are seen as more serious and violent crimes. The constitutionality of laws against prostitution is also in question, since they penalize prostitutes but not their customers.